I think Winderfab was asking a different question but anyhow.
With just my experience I know it to be true but if I decided to search the web I cannot find any articles where opening the exhaust decreases motor efficiency
Share with me one article explaining the polar opposite.
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First of all, what do you expect
an aftermarket exhaust company to say? Ask yourself this, in a world where people put fuel economy somewhere towards the top of the list in buying decisions, why wouldn't a car company simply drop another $20-40.00 (at their volumes) on a slightly bigger exhaust to get 2-5% more efficiency. Put simply, it doesn't happen because it doesn't matter and the snake oil exhaust guys know the average consumer cannot measure 2-3 or even 5% efficiency gains. Thats why we don't see a Prius from the factory with a 3" exhaust.
I think of it this way. Starting with the fact that we are restricted by pragmatic limitations in how loud an exhaust can be.
An engine is an air pump. At low-mid RPM and low boost it isn't moving a lot of air. At mid-high RPM it is (boost and RPM build). Cruising speeds tend to be that mid RPM range but lower boost. At low to mid you aren't moving so much air that the stock exhaust is an issue.. at all. You aren't putting enough volume of air through it for it to be a restriction. On a stock sled and WFO you are in the 200HP class and nearly 9000 RPM. At cruising speeds you are a third of that or less in HP, and half on RPM. Even the tuners don't recommend a larger exhaust until you get to the higher HP because the *peak* volumetric flow isn't there until you get above 260 or so, and therefore the stock exhaust is not a problem. How can there be an increase in efficiency if there is no restriction to efficient flow? That is the trick with exhaust systems, they are sized for efficiency at max volumetric flow (peak HP), they are not a restriction until you exceed their design for max volumetric capacity.
At higher cruising speeds, maybe your are putting the stock sled into the other side of the efficiency curve (torque demand) by pushing it harder (higher rpm) and a tune will certainly help there as long as you make the appropriate clutching changes and/or gears, but at even higher cruising speed, the exhaust still won't be a huge contributor either way until you get to higher flow rates.
As to how a big exhaust can hurt performance, google exhaust scavenging.